UDC 637.024
DOI 10.36461/NP.2024.72.4.014

JUSTIFICATION OF THE CRITICAL RADIUS OF THE FAT GLOBULE AND ITS BOUNDARY POSITION ON THE CONICAL PART OF THE SEPARATION DISC OF THE CREAM SEPARATOR
A.V. Yashin, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor;
Yu.V. Polyvyany, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor;
P.N. Khorev, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor; N.S. Chirkova, post-graduate student
Penza State Agrarian University,
Penza, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

To date, cream separators have become widespread in the technological production lines of various dairy products, both in large enterprises and among small business entities. The existing designs of modern cream separators differ in the type of drive, the method of milk supply and discharge of separation products, the design of the drum, discs, etc., but all commercially available cream separators operate on the principle of thin-layer centrifugal separation and have certain disadvantages. The article defines that the boundary position, provided that it is possible to isolate a fat globule of critical radius, is its location on the outer surface of the conical part of the separation disc at the maximum radius, when it is possible to prevent movement along irrevocable trajectories, to keep from demolition and to give the necessary initial impulse to movement to perform the second stage of separation – movement along the outer surface of the conical part of the separation disc to the axis of the drum. Possibility of forming an adsorption layer on the surface of the protein lecithin membrane of the smallest fat globule is considered and a formula is established that makes it possible to determine the critical radius of the fat globule capable of settling on the outer surface of the conical part of the separation disc at its maximum radius, the cream separator. Calculation of the critical radius of a fat globule capable of settling on the outer surface of the separating plate at its maximum radius has established that its value is 0,25∙10^(-6) m.
Keywords: fat globule, separation, cream separator, adsorption layer, separation disc, inter-disc space.

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UDC 632.3:632.4
DOI 10.36461/NP.2024.72.4.022

SEARCH FOR EFFECTIVE DRESSERS TO REDUCE SEED INFECTION IN WINTER WHEAT
I. R. Manukyan, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor
North Caucasus Research Institute of Hill and Foothill Agriculture - Branch of the Federal State Scientific Centre "Vladikavkaz Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences",
Russia, E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

When selecting seed dressers, preference is given to preparations with a combined effect that provide both protection and treatment and kill both the external and internal infection of the seed. The results of the mycological analysis of the soil showed that pathogens predominate over suppressors. Among the pathogens, fungi of the genus Fusarium are the most common. The strongest infection with Fusarium and bacterioses was found on winter wheat grains of the Pamyat and Etnos varieties. The fungicides Maksim Forte, EC (containing tebuconazole 15 g/l, fludioxonil 25 g/l and azoxystrobin 10 g/l) and Kinto Plus, SC (containing fluxapyroxad 33.3 g/l, triticonazole 33.3 g/l and fludioxonil 33.3 g/l) showed a high protective effect against bacterial and Fusarium infection of winter wheat seeds.
The laboratory germination of the seeds in the control without treatment was 76.7 %. Treatment of the wheat seeds with fungicides increased germination by reducing the level of bacterial and fusarium seed infection: Maksim Forte, SC – 88.7 % and Kinto Plus, SC – 90.1 %.
Keywords: winter wheat grain, seed infection, seed dressers.

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UDC 637.131.2+637.022
DOI 10.36461/NP.2024.72.4.015

RESULTS OF THEORETICAL STUDIES OF THE MOTION OF THE EXTRACTED IMPURITY PARTICLE IN THE INTER-DISC SPACE OF THE MILK SEPARATOR
A.V. Yashin, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor;
A.A. Gusev, assistant; N.S. Chirkova, post-graduate student;
R.R. Devlikamov, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor
Penza State Agrarian University,
Penza, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

The article presents an equation of the trajectory of the extracted impurity particle in the inter-disc space of the milk separator. Based on this trajectory, formulas are defined for calculating the residence time of the impurity particle in the inter-disc space of the milk separator drum and the angle to which the particle will move during this time. The analysis of the formulas showed the dependence on the dynamic viscosity of milk, the natural logarithm of the ratio of the difference between the doubled value of the impurity particle coordinates on the inner surface of the separation disc and the coordinates of its initial position and the coordinate of its initial position, the difference between the density of the impurity particle and milk, the square of the radius of the impurity particle and the angular velocity of the drum, as well as the square of the cosine of the angle of inclination of the separation disc to the horizontal. The results of calculations of the values of the radius vector of the position of an impurity particle of various sizes on the inner surface of the separation disc from the residence time of the impurity particle and the angle to which it will move in the inter-disc space of the milk separator drum are presented. It was found that for an angle of 120 deg. as the maximum between neighboring bars without taking into account their width at time 0,143318 c, the radius-vector to which the impurity particles with radius 0,5∙10^(-6) m would move would be 0,0287 m, for an impurity particle with radius 2,5∙10^(-6) m would be 0,06114 m, and for an impurity particle with radius 5∙10^(-6) m would be 1,81312 m, if the dimensions of the drum allowed.
Keywords: impurity particle, inter-disc space, milk separator, radius vector, angle, time.

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UDC 621.43.068
DOI 10.36461/NP.2024.72.4.012

STUDY OF HEAT AND EXHAUST GAS FLOW RATE DEPENDING ON DIESEL ENGINE OPERATION MODE
A.A. Nikulin, graduate student; A.A. Orekhovaya, сandidate of Technological Sciences, Associate Professor;
G.A. Spitsyn, doctor of technical sciences, рrofessor
Penza State Agrarian University, Penza, Russia, tel. 8 (904) 266-18-55,
e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

In the article, the influence of low ambient temperatures on the thermal operation of transmission elements, namely, the drive axles of trucks, is considered. On one hand, the issues of maintaining an effective thermal mode of operation of an internal combustion engine (ICE) have been considered in sufficient detail and resolved. On the other, the problem of heating the drive axles of cars at low ambient temperatures remains relevant. During prolonged operation, the structural arrangement of these components on the vehicle contributes to cooling even in steady-state thermal conditions. A practical solution to this problem will significantly increase the efficiency of using trucks and achieve a positive economic effect due to resource conservation.
The purpose and objectives of the research were formulated. Using MathCad 2016, MS Office Excel 2010, the following characteristics were calculated: speed, flow rate and heat of the exhaust gases, depending on the operating modes of the diesel engine, using the example of KamAZ 740. These characteristics are required to determine the parameters of the heat exchanger device. It has been found that the exhaust gas velocity and flow rate increase with increasing crankshaft speed.
The amount of heat in the internal combustion engine, which is released as a result of fuel combustion, has been analyzed. It has been established that during the operation of the KamAZ 740 diesel engine, up to 28.1% of the heat released during fuel combustion is dissipated into the environment with exhaust gases, which allows for research on the development of methods for the secondary use of exhaust heat aimed at ensuring an effective temperature regime for the driving axles of vehicles.
Keywords: exhaust gases, exhaust system, car, thermal regime, ambient temperature.

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