UDC 636.2.082.13
DOI 10.36461/NP.2024.72.4.017

EVALUATION OF THE BODY TYPE OF HOLSTEIN COWS DEPENDING ON THE PERIOD OF EFFECTIVE INSEMINATION
I.A. Vasyagin, Postgraduate, V.V. Lyashenko, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor;
I.V. Kaeshova, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Penza State Agrarian University", Penza, Russia, е-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Under the conditions of modern intensification of animal husbandry, the primary task is to create highly productive animals with a strong constitution that can be used in the long term. According to some scientists, the age of the first insemination, i.e. the physiological maturity of the animals, can also influence the formation of the milk type of cows.
The study involved purebred Holstein first-calf heifers, which were divided into groups according to the period of effective insemination: Group 1 – 12 months, Group 2 – 13 months, Group 3 – 14 months, Group 4 – 15 months.
The linear evaluation method, carried out in the second month of lactation, made it possible to quantify the differences between the groups of animals on the basis of external characteristics: the main reliable differences between the groups of animals were found in the evaluation of the udder. Thus, the animals of the second (13 months) (p < 0.05) and third (14 months) groups (p < 0.05) have a denser attachment of the front udder parts compared to the cows of the first group (12 months). The width of the rear udder parts was rated at 8.0 points in the cows inseminated at 14 and 15 months of age and was thus significantly superior to the second group by 1.6 points (p < 0.01).
The results of the comprehensive evaluation showed that the cows in the second and third groups had the highest score. First-calf heifers from these groups significantly outperformed animals from the first group for udder traits (p < 0.05), overall appearance (p < 0.01) and overall score (p < 0.01). The lowest score was achieved by cows that were inseminated at 12 months of age. The linear and complex evaluation of the conformation of the test animals thus showed that animals inseminated at a later age, from 13 months, have a more pronounced milk type, which is typical of Holstein breed animals.
Keywords: Holstein breed, first-calf heifer, exterior, body conformation, insemination period, linear evaluation, exterior profile.

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UDC 633.63+631.82
DOI 10.36461/NP.2024.72.4.007

YIELD FORMATION OF PEA SEEDS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF FOLIAR FERTILIZATION IN COMBINATION WITH THE MINERAL NUTRITION BACKGROUND
V.V. Koshelyaev, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor
I.P. Koshelyaeva, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor
O.N. Kukharev, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Penza State Agrarian University", Penza, Russia, tel. 8(8412) 62-83-73, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

This article presents the results of the study on the formation of pea seed yields under the influence of foliar fertilization at different backgrounds of mineral nutrition. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the methods of improving the cultivation technique of pea seeds based on the optimal combination of mineral nutrition backgrounds with the use of foliar fertilizers, the interaction of which ensures high yields. The following objectives were solved: 1. determination of the effect of different mineral nutrition backgrounds in combination with foliar fertilization on the formation of yield structure; 2. determination of the effect of different mineral nutrition backgrounds in combination with foliar fertilization on pea yield. The article deals with the influence of the studied methods on the main elements of productivity: number of beans on a plant, number of seeds in a bean, mass of seeds in a plant, 1000-seed mass. The pea yield as a function of foliar fertilization at different nutrition backgrounds is shown. In the conclusion, it is noted that foliar fertilization with Biostim Universal at a rate of 2.0 l/ha in the stemming + budding phase contributes to a higher grain yield in peas, regardless of the mineral nutrition backgrounds. Fertilization with N16P16K16 leads to higher yield growth. An increase in the fertilizer application rate – N32P32K32 – did not contribute to a further increase in yield. The highest yield is achieved when N16P16K16 is applied with subsequent foliar fertilization with Biostim Universal at a rate of 2.0 l/ha in the stemming + budding phases.
Keywords: peas, yield, productivity elements, mineral nutrition level, foliar dressing.

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UDC 631.86 + 631.53.02
DOI 10.36461/NP.2024.72.4.018

EFFECT OF MICROBIOLOGICAL FERTILIZERS ON THE SOWING QUALITY OF LENTIL SEEDS
V.O. Nogaev, SVE teacher, Yu.V. Koryagin, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor,
N.P. Chekaev, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor,
N.V. Koryagina, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Penza State Agrarian University", Penza, Russia, tel. 8(412)-628373; 8(412)-628373 email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Nowadays, the trend is towards environmentally friendly and sustainable cultivation methods. One such element is the use of microbiological fertilizers, which reduce the need for mineral fertilizers, decrease soil pollution and do not pollute rivers. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of seed pretreatment with microbiological fertilizers on the germination energy and germination of lentil seeds. The experimental work was carried out under laboratory conditions at Penza SAU according to the standard method of GOST 12038-84. During the studies, it was found that the germination energy increased from 91.8% in the control to 93.6% in the variants with the application of a complex of microbiological fertilizers Organit N and Organit P. An increase in seed germination capacity of 3.0-5.2 % was observed compared to the control. The highest germination rates were recorded for the samples with the microbiological fertilizers Azotovit + Fosfatovit and Rizobash, which were 95.8 and 95.2 % respectively. After 72 hours from the start of germination, the nutrient consumption of the lentil seeds in the variants with microbiological seed treatment before sowing was 1.7 times higher than in the control variant (seed treatment before sowing with water only). The highest mass of seedlings and roots (0.8 g) was observed in the variant with the application of Biokompozit-korrekt with an increase in the length of the seedlings by 0.3-1.5 cm and the length of the germinal roots by 0.8-1.4 cm. The maximum seedling length of 9.5 cm and root length of 8.7 cm was recorded in the variant with a mixture of microbiological fertilizers Azotovit and Fosfatovit.
Keywords: lentils, bacterial preparations, microbiological fertilizers, germination energy, laboratory germination.

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UDC 633.31/.37:631.8
DOI 10.36461/NP.2024.72.4.011

EFFECT OF TRACE ELEMENTS (Zn, Cu, Mo) ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF GREEN PEAS
Yu.V. Blinokhvatova, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor,
A.V. Nushtaeva, Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Associate Professor,
N.V. Ozerova, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor,
N.P. Chekaev, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Penza State Agrarian University", Penza, Russia, tel. tel. 8(8412) 62-83-67, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

The results of laboratory, vegetation, and field experiments on the effect of a single treatment of green peas, the Joker variety, with aqueous solutions of zinc chloride ZnCl2 or zinc sulfate ZnSO4 on seed germination, plant growth, and crop structure are presented. In laboratory and vegetation experiments, a positive effect of zinc concentration of 10-70 ppm (when wetted with a sufficiently large amount of solution) on laboratory germination of seeds, the average length of roots and seedlings, as well as the intensity of accumulation of vegetative mass was revealed. The optimal concentration of Zn2+ ions in our experiments was 30 ppm, which corresponds to 50 g/t in terms of seed weight. At the initial stages of ontogenesis (within 1-2 weeks), ZnCl2 showed the best results, but ZnSO4 was more effective for further development during the period of intensive plant growth. In the field experiment, before sowing, pea seeds were treated with a ZnSO4 solution with a concentration of Zn2+ 2.5 g/l ions at the rate of 2% of the seed weight (corresponds to 50 g/t of seeds). Field studies have revealed the positive effect of zinc ions, as well as zinc with the addition of copper and molybdenum ions on the crop structure. Treatment of pea seeds with zinc and zinc with additives (Zn + Cu, Zn + Mo, Zn + Cu + Mo) slightly increased field germination, but their application had a fairly good effect on the yield structure. The best results were shown by experimental samples of Zn + Cu + Mo, in which the mass of seeds from one plant increased by 25%, yield by 20%, and the mass of 1000 seeds by 21% compared with the control.
Keywords: trace elements, zinc, laboratory germination, germination ener-gy, growth force, crop structure.

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