UDC 631.5:633.11.324:551.5(470.345)
DOI 10.36461/NP.2025.76.4.024
CLIMATE CHANGE AND WINTER WHEAT YIELD IN SOUTHERN NON-CHERNOZEM ZONE OF RUSSIA (THE REPUBLIC OF MORDOVIA)
A.V. Ivoilov1, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor; M.S. Trubkin1, Postgraduate;
S.E. Khlevina1,2, Candidate of Geographical Sciences, Associate Professor;
T.N. Chernysheva2, Agrometeorological Engineer; E.O. Glazkova1,2, Master's Student
1Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk, Russia, e-mail:
2Mordovia Center for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring – Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Upper Volga Administration for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring”, Saransk, Russia
Efficient agriculture and crop production under local meteorological conditions, as well as innovative trends in agricultural technologies, are highly relevant and influence on the climate aridization. Current research is aimed at assessment of trends in agrometeorological climate indicators in the Republic of Mordovia over a 76-year period (1948-2023), to find out the phenology of winter wheat and the impact of the main agroclimatic resources on grain yields. Time series of meteorological data and the associated crop yield indicators at agrometeorological observation plots were analyzed. It was noted that the main meteorological indicators varied widely both interannually and monthly. An increase in the average annual air temperature was observed with a growth rate of 0.28°C/10 years. A significant increase in the average annual temperature has been noted since the beginning of the third millennium, primarily due to the cold season. The dynamics of the annual precipitation amount and the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) of the growing season are described by a second-order parabola: their maximum occurred in the 1990s. In recent years, a decrease in the average annual precipitation has been observed, particularly due to May and July, along with a decrease in HTC values. The phenology of winter wheat is presented, indicating the duration of the interphase periods. The correlation between wheat yield and the amount of precipitation, average monthly air temperature, and HTC during the summer growing season of the crop was evaluated. It was found that the grain yield of winter wheat is closely correlated with precipitation and the HTC in May–July (r = 0.918…0.944) and is inversely related to the air temperature in the summer period (r = -0.711 … -0.914).
Keywords: climate change, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), yield, meteorological conditions, hydrothermal coefficient, phenology, correlation.
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UDC 631.331
DOI 10.36461/NP.2025.76.4.025
THEORETICAL RESEARCH ON OPERATIONAL RELIABILITY OF A COMBINED OPENER FOR SOWING GRAIN CROPS
N. P. Laryushin, Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Professor1; N. A. Brykin, Postgraduate1;
A. N. Kalabushev, Candidate of Engineering Sciences1;
A. V. Shukov, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor1;
T. A. Kiryukhina, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor1
Penza State Agrarian University, Penza, Russia, e-mail:
The objective of agricultural producers is to apply efficient methods for cultivating grain crops and increasing yield.
The growth and development of grain crop seeds depend on nutrients, that could provide high yield with seed distributed along the length and depth of the furrow during sowing with fertilizer application, with a soil layer separating seeds at a starter dose from the main fertilizer dose, while minimizing costs.
Grain-growing under conditions of uniform distribution of seeds and fertilizers with an intervening soil layer promotes seed germination and root system growth during the initial period. Field experiments in grain-growing has demonstrated that the best results were achieved when sowing grain seeds with a soil layer of 30…40 mm between seeds at a starter fertilizer dose and the main fertilizer dose applied simultaneously. Scientific research has confirmed that the soil layer with the main fertilizer dose highly influenced on the seeds, with complete utilization of nutrients by the plants.
Currently used combined openers of grain seed drills do not satisfy agronomic requirements for sowing: distribution of seeds along the furrow length and sowing depth, disruption of the required soil layer thickness between the main fertilizer dose and seeds with a starter dose, and clogging of the space between discs with seed tubes and fertilizer conduits. All these factors reduce the quality of grain crops and yields. The application of mineral fertilizers with a combined opener allows sowing of seeds with starter and main fertilizer doses separated by a soil layer.
This article deals with design, operating principle, and theoretical research on the developed combined opener for a seed drill intended for sowing grain crops.
Keywords: combined opener, chisel-type share, fertilizer application, seed tube, soil layer, distribution uniformity, seeds, fertilizers, seed drill, soil.
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UDC 631.331
DOI 10.36461/NP.2025.76.4.023
COMBINED OPENER SEED DRILL DESIGN FOR SOWING GRAIN CROPS
N. P. Laryushin, Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Professor1; N. A. Brykin, Postgraduate1;
A. N. Kalabushev, Candidate of Engineering Sciences1; D. V. Vanin, Director2;
A. V. Shukov, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor1;
T. A. Kiryukhina, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor1
1Penza State Agrarian University, Penza, Russia, e-mail:
2LLC Zavod SelMashDetal, Kamenka, Penza region, Russia, tel. (8412) 628517
The effective methods for grain crops cultivation for increasing maximum yields is a key objective for agricultural producers.
Favorable conditions for seed germination and grain crops cultivation to achieve maximum yields with minimal input costs requires proper nutrition, necessary seed distribution along the length and depth of the furrow during sowing, and the fertilizers application with an intervening soil layer.
The placement of seeds and fertilizers separated by a soil layer promotes seed germination and root system development during the initial growth phase and subsequent vegetative development. The most favorable results within the current research were achieved when grain seeds were sown together with a starter dose of fertilizer while simultaneously applying the main fertilizer dose with a soil layer of 30-40 mm between them. It was noted that the soil layer exerted a beneficial effect of the main fertilizer dose on the seed material with maximum plant nutrition.
Combined openers currently mounted in grain seed drills do not correspond to agronomic requirements. Such openers have several disadvantages: non-compliance with agronomic sowing specifications, insufficient uniformity of seed distribution along the furrow, failure to maintain the required soil layer between the main fertilizer dose and seeds receiving the starter fertilizer dose, and clogging of the space between discs containing the seed tube and fertilizer delivery tube. These factors reduce the quality of grain crop sowing and, consequently, yields. The design of a combined opener capable of sowing seeds and applying the main fertilizer dose with an intervening soil layer represents a relevant scientific and technical approach.
This article deals with the design and operating principle of a combined opener for a seed drill intended for sowing grain crops.
Keywords: combined opener, chisel-type share, fertilizer, seed tube, soil layer, uniformity of seed and fertilizer distribution, seed drill, soil.
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UDC 631.452+631.445.41+631.8
DOI 10.36461/NP.2025.76.4.006
YIELD AND QUALITY OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS WITH THE FERTILIZER "ULUCHSHITEL" APPLICATION
I.S. Semenov, Postgraduate; E.N. Kuzin, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor;
A.N. Arefiev, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor;
E.E. Kuzina, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor
Penza State Agrarian University, Penza, Russia,
tel. +7(412) 62-85-65, e-mail:
This article deals with the results of a three-year research (2023-2025) evaluating the effect of the fertilizer “Uluchshitel” application (manure, NPK doses equivalent to manure) on the yield and grain quality of winter and spring wheat, as well as maize. It was noted that the separate application of the examined fertilizer at doses of 750-1000 L/ha provided a significant but moderate increase in yield (by 13.1-18.5% for wheat and 15.0-16.7% for maize) compared to the unfertilized control, mainly due to the improvement of crop structure indicators (number of productive stems, ear/cob length, 1000-grain weight). The most favorable effect was obtained with the combined application of the fertilizer “Uluchshitel” (optimally 750-1000 L/ha) with organic or mineral fertilizers. It provided a synergistic effect, increasing the yield of winter wheat to 7.03 t/ha (an increase of 49.3%), maize to 8.43 t/ha (an increase of 38.4%), and spring wheat to 4.92 t/ha (an increase of 43.0%). Grain quality indicators (gluten and crude protein content) also increased most significantly in the combined application: protein yield per hectare for maize increased by 61.2-63.0% relative to the control. It was proved that the fertilizer “Uluchshitel” was as an effective ameliorant and activator of soil fertility, significantly increasing the utilization rate of nutrients from traditional fertilizers. The fertilizer “Uluchshitel” application in agricultural crop cultivation technology leads to more resource-efficient and adaptive agriculture by simultaneously improving the agrophysical, agrochemical, and biological properties of the soil.
Keywords: “Uluchshitel”, fertilizer, yield, number of productive stems, 1000-grain weight, gluten content.
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