UDC 633.63+631.81.095:337
DOI 10.36461/NP.2025.75.3.026

IMPACT OF CULTIVATION CONDITIONS ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY AND YIELD OF SUGAR BEET CROPS
I.S. Zheryakov, Postgraduate; S.A. Semina, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor,
E.V. Zheryakov, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor,
Yu.I. Zheryakova, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences,
O.N. Kukharev, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor
Penza State Agrarian University, Penza, Russia e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

The concept of modern agriculture involves the microelement fertilizers application and plant growth regulators (PGR) to obtain highly productive yields. However, in regard to the soil and climatic conditions of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region, methods for cultivation of sugar beet with micronutrient fertiliz-ers and PGR treatment have not yet been developed. Optimization of cultivation conditions through the com-bined application of fertilizers with microelements and PGR is one of the methods for increasing the sugar beetproductivity. Current research deals with the results of experiments on the effect of foliar treatment with micronutrient fertilizers and PGR on the photosynthetic activity and yield of sugar beet. Field experiments were carried out in 2024-2025 at Krasnaya Gorka LLC in the Kolyshleisky District of the Penza Region on leached chernozem soils. The experiment was set up in quadruplicate in accordance with generally accepted methods. Micronutrient fertilizers (Mikrovit-7 Bor, Amitsid “Bor”, Mikrovit Standart) and PGR (Furolan, Tsitodef-100, Stimmunol, EF) were used for foliar treatment. Mikrovit Standart provided an increase in the assimilating surface of 14.2%, and Mikrovit-7 Bor and Amitsid “Bor” of 9.2-9.4%. An average leaf surface area of the crop that is close to optimal was achieved by combining Mikrovit Standart with Tsitodef-100. In the con-trol variants without micronutrients, PGR provided an 8.0-12.3% increase in photosynthesis, while when com-bined with micronutrients, the increase was reduced by 1.5-2.0 times. No positive effect of micronutrients or PGR on the intensification of photosynthesis was observed. The Mikrovit Standart microfertilizer had the greatest impact on yield, providing a 13.6% increase. PGR were more effective in treatments without micro-fertilizers, contributing to a 3.1-6.7% increase in root crop yield with a slight advantage for the Stimmunol, EF treatment. No significant difference in yield was observed in combination with microfertilizers, depending on the type of a PGR.
Keywords: sugar beet, microfertilizers, plant growth regulators (PGR), foliar treatment, leaf, photosyn-thesis, yield.

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UDC 637.116
DOI 10.36461/NP.2025.75.3.023

RESEARCH RESULTS ON A MILKING MACHINE WITH TEAT CUPS FOR COMPRESSION-SQUEEZING STROKE
A.V. Yashin, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor; V.D. Badov, Senior Lecturer
Penza State Agrarian University, Penza, Russia
tel. +79273907570 e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

This article deals with the research results on intensity of milk ejection, as well as design and dynamic parameters of a milking machine equipped with teat cups for the compression-squeezing stroke. Current research describes operating principals of a laboratory-scale rig designed for examining the milking machine. Milking was simulated using an artificial udder with teats and milk simulators. As part of the experimental research, variable factors were substantiated and selected: thickness and height of the working part of the teat cup were considered as design factors, while the vacuum pressure was considered as a dynamic factor. A matrix close to the D-optimal design for a three-factor experiment was used for the current research. In accordance to the State standard (GOST) 34496-2018 milk removal rate was taken as the indicator for assessing the technological process of milking machine. A prototype milking machine with teat cups has been designed and cvonstructed. Mathematical results were assessed using the following computer programs: Statistica 12, Math CAD 13, Microsoft Excel 2010. The experimental research results on the intensity of milk removal by a milking machine with teat cups at a compression stroke with squeezing showed that the most efficient design and dynamic parameters are: vacuum pressure – 47996 (48000) Pa, thickness of the working part of the teat cup – 0.0146 (0.0015) m, height of the working part of the teat cup from the suction cup – 0.0278 (0.028) m. Highly-mentioned date on design and dynamic parameters of a milking machine equipped with teat cups for the compression-squeezing stroke points out the increase in milk secretion intensity at 2.89 (2.86) l/min, which is by 14.4% better compared to the control milking machine ADU-1.
Keywords: milking machine, teat cup, stage, milk secretion intensity, experimental research.

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UDC 631.331
DOI 10.36461/NP.2025.75.3.025

THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION OF SOME DESIGN PARAMETERS OF A COMBINED COULTER
A.N. Kalabushev, Candidate of Engineering Sciences,
V.V. Shumaev, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor
Penza State Agrarian University, Russia, tel. (8-8412) 62-85-79,
e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

The process of sowing seeds of grain crops, as well as small-seeded crops, is one of the most important technological processes. Carrying out sowing in compliance with agrotechnical requirements has a significant impact on crop yields. To obtain good germination and, as a result, a high yield, it is extremely important to ensure uniform distribution of seeds across the sowing area and depth with optimal soil compaction [1, 2].
The aim of the research was to theoretically substantiate some of the design parameters of the combined coulter, in particular the minimum radius of the rib of the combined coulter, the minimum radius of the disc of the combined coulter, the width of the seedbed compactor of the combined coulter, as well as parameters such as the depth and density of the furrow sole after the passage of the combined coulter with a seedbed compactor.
The theoretical research was based on the classical laws of engineering mechanics, simulation modeling, etc.
As a result of the conducted research, patterns have been obtained on the basis of which it is possible to obtain the main design parameters of the coulter and the technological process: the depth of the furrow h≤r_к∙(1-cos⁡〖δ)〗, the minimum radius of the coulter rib r_(к min) = r_п∙〖ctg〗^2 ((φ_1+φ_2)/2)+s , the minimum radius of the coulter disc r_(д min) = r_(к min)+s, the minimum seeding depth h_φ1min=2r_п∙〖ctg〗^2 ((φ_1+φ_2)/2)∙〖sin〗^2 φ, the width of the coulter disc rib b_0=Q_z/(µ^3 qD^2 ), the width of the seedbed compactor с>b>l_max, the density of the furrow sole p=1,34∙10^3,,кг/м^3.
Scientific novelty is confirmed by the patent for utility model of the Russian Federation No. 237416 dated September 23, 2025 “Combined coulter”.
Having conducted theoretical studies of some design parameters of the combined coulter, it can be concluded that one of the options for improving the quality of sowing is to use combined coulters equipped with ribs and seedbed compactors [3, 4].
Keywords: coulter, rib, soil, compactor, disc.

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UDC 631.31
DOI 10.36461/NP.2025.75.3.022

A DEVICE FOR PROCESSING SMALL-CONTOUR MOUNTAIN SLOPE AREAS
L. R. Guluyeva, Research Associate
The North Caucasus Scientific Research Institute of Mining and Foothill Agriculture,
a branch of the Vladikavkaz Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Mikhailovskoye village, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

The author presented the results of R&D and a new device for restoring and increasing the area of mountain meadows and pastures. It has been found that there is a lack of small, maneuverable equipment for small-contour mountainous slopes covered with hummocks, anthills, and stones, which reduce the yield of forage grasses and contribute to injuries among grazing animals. The purpose of the study is to develop a method and a device that increase the useful area and efficiency of haymaking plots, and reduce degradation processes and increase the yield of forage lands. This method is expressed in the fact that the device performs a step-by-step cutting of hummocks, grinding and leveling the surface of the site. The object of the study is the design parameters of the device, working parts (blades) that prevent it from sliding down the slope, and the quality of the soil cover after the use of the device. The dependencies of the skid of the hill cutter on the slope steepness and the speed of the device when using various anti-skid blades were determined. The tests were carried out in the village of Dargavs, North Ossetia, at the experimental site of the scientific research base of the Scientific Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The device was tested in accordance with GOST 33687-2016 "Machines and tools for surface treatment. Test methods", GOST 473117 "Hill cutters". It was found that the slippage of the hill cutter at a slope steepness of up to 150 is relatively small, both when working with a disc and a straight vertical blade and does not interfere with the normal operation of the hill cutter. The quantity and quality of the cut hummocks were determined by counting before and after the passage of the device, the value was 97%.
Keywords: hummock, slope, steepness, unit, hill cutter, chisel plough, yield, feed.

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