Agronomy
UDC 633.88+661.162.66
DOI 10.36461/NP.2023.66.2.003
FORMATION OF CALENDULA OFFICINALIS AGROCENOSES WITH THE USE OF GROWTH REGULATORS
V.A. Gushchina, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor; O.N. Kukharev, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor; E.A. Kutikhina, Postgraduate; N.V. Fayustova, Master
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Penza State Agrarian University", Penza, Russia, tel. (8412) 628-367, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Modern agricultural technologies widely use growth regulators of biological origin that do not have mutagenic effects on medicinal plants, increase their resistance to environmental stresses, and affect productivity, which depends on the formation of healthy seedlings. Therefore, it was necessary to determine the effect of biological growth regulators on the field germination of Calendula officinalis seeds and the safety of plants after foliar feeding in the leaf rosette phase with the same preparations. The two-factor field experiment was conducted in 2020-2022 on the collection plot of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Penza State Agrarian University" on meadow-chernozem soil. Seeds of Calendula officinalis varieties Kalta and Zolotoe More were pre-soaked in water (control) and in growth stimulants Bioduks, Agrostimul, Tsirkon, Krezatsin and then fed with the same preparations at the phase of three pairs of true leaves. On average over three years, it was found that the variety Zolotoe More had the highest field germination (79.1%). It was lower by 3.3 % in the variety Kalta. The greatest effect was obtained by seed treatment with Agrostimul and Bioduks, whose stimulation allowed to obtain 82.2 and 80.0% of seedlings in the first variety and 79.8 and 77.9% in the second variety, with plant density of 38.5 and 37.2 pcs./m2, respectively. The safety of the plants was almost the same, 79.9 % and 80.1 %, and it reached 82.1% when Tsirkon was used. In the variety Zolotoe More, where Bioduks and Tsirkon were applied twice, the plant survival rate was 64.4 and 65.0%, respectively. When they were used on the variety Kalta, it increased to 63.0 %. In terms of moisture conditions, the most optimal year was 2022, when plant survival rate for the variety Zolotoe More was 60.1...67.5 %, and for the variety Kalta – 56.0...67.5 %
Keywords: Calendula officinalis, growth regulators, field germination, density, safety, survival rate, agrocenosis.
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UDC 633.49:577.57
DOI 10.36461/NP.2023.66.2.006
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT UNDER IN VITRO CONDITIONS OF POTATO REGENERATE PLANTS OBTAINED BY SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS
F.I. Babadzhanova1, Research Assistant; Kh.A. Ubaydullayeva1, Doctor of Biological Sciences,
Head of Laboratory; V.S. Kamburova1, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Head of Laboratory;
E.A. Latypova2, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor; A.A. Bolkiev1, Research Assistant;
S.A. Abdullaev1, Research Assistant; A.N. Abdullaev1, Research Assistant;
Z.T. Buriev1, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Head of Laboratory
1Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics Academy of Sciences the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, tel. +998 90 959-93-84, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.;
2Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Penza State Agrarian University", Penza, Russia, tel. 8 (9680) 32-19-80, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Potato is the main food crop both in the world and in Uzbekistan. However, abiotic and biotic stresses lead to lower potato yields To solve these problems, new varieties must be obtained using modern methods of genomics and biotechnology, which is not possible without micropropagation. Phytohormones play an important role in the process of potato micropropagation. Due to the great influence of hormones on the processes of plant development, their role in the stages of potato growth and development has been studied. Our study summarizes the effects of the phytohormones kinetin and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) on the growth and development of new biotech potato lines generated by RNA interference (RNAi) technology of the phytochrome B (phyB) gene during somatic embryogenesis. Phytochrome B is a plant photoreceptor for red/far-red light. In potato, it mediates photoperiodic control of tuber formation in a negative regulatory mechanism by inhibiting its initial stages. Consequently, suppression of phyB expression by RNAi could lead to an increase in tuber number. The effects of different concentrations of kinetin and BAP on plant growth, number of nodes, and formation and development of the root system of potato RNAi lines during somatic embryogenesis in micropropagation were studied. The highest plant growth and development were obtained when a growth medium containing 1.0 mg/L kinetin was used. This combination increased plant height in all biotech lines and contributed to more efficient root system formation.
Keywords: potato, in vitro, kinetin, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), Murashige and Skoog, micropropagation.
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UDC 633.15+631.82
DOI 10.36461/NP.2023.66.2.010
FORMATION OF CORN YIELD AND GRAIN QUALITY DEPENDING ON CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES
S.A. Semina, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor; O.N. Kukharev, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor; I.V. Gavryushina, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor; A.S. Paliychuk, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Penza State Agrarian University", Penza, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
The article presents the results of studies on the formation of yield and grain quality of corn in relation to environmental factors such as plant density and the level of mineral nutrition. A decrease in grain weight per cob was observed with increasing stand density of corn plants, especially with increasing density of 80 to 100 ths.pcs./ha. Transfer of part of nitrogen in top dressing and application of N120P90K60 promoted grain weight growth per cob by 37.0-38.0%, in the same varieties. Higher grain yields were obtained in variants with nitrogen fertilization and fertilization at the rate of N120P90K60, in addition, 1.73-1.74 t/ha of grain or 46.2-46.6% to the control was obtained. In these variants, an increase in grain yield was observed up to an overcrowding of 80 ths.pcs/ha, and when plant density was further increased, productivity decreased by 3.8 and 9.7 %. The highest protein content was observed in crops obtained in variants with nitrogen fertilization. With increasing overcrowding of crops, an increase in the mass percentage of protein and crude fiber was observed, but there was a clear pattern of decrease in crude fat content. The energy supply of the grain did not change depending on the plant density and the level of mineral nutrition.
Keywords: corn, grain, fertilizers, density, yield, protein, fat, metabolizable energy.
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UDC 633.32+631.531.027
DOI 10.36461/NP.2023.66.2.017
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GROWTH REGULATORS IN CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY OF JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE OF THE SKOROSPELKA VARIETY IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE FOREST-STEPPE OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION
D.S. Plyasunov1, postgraduate student; S.A. Kshnikatkin1, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor; P.G. Alenin1, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor; V.V. Konovalov2, Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Professor; I.A. Voronova1, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor
1Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Penza State Agrarian University”, Penza, Russia, tel. (8412) 628-359, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
2Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Penza State Technological University, Penza, Russia
In order to obtain maximum yield, ensure the quality of the resulting crop, as well as reduce production costs, researchers are currently attracted to various methods of stimulating plant growth and development, without which it is impossible to imagine modern crop cultivation. The use of growth regulators is one of the effective factors in the formation of highly productive crops of field crops. Epin-Extra and Agate-25 Super are among the most popular preparations. An increase in the production of a valuable crop of jerusalem artichoke, due to the improvement of its cultivation technology with the help of these preparations, can become a source of an increase in environment friendly feed. In this regard, the aim of the research was to study the effect of drugs on the development and provision of a stable and high-quality Jerusalem artichoke crop. In the conditions of unstable moistening of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region, a research was carried out to study the features of plant formation and yield of Jerusalem artichoke of the Skorospelka variety under the influence of tuber treatment, non-root treatment and complex treatment of tubers with double foliar treatment of plants with growth regulators Epin-Extra, Agate-25 Super. The experience was laid on the collection site of the Penza State Agrarian University in 2020-2022 on meadow-chernozem soil according to generally accepted methods. Because of the growth regulator application, the indicators of the elements of the structure of the tuber harvest increased in relation to the control. The height of plants varied from 165 to 187.6 cm, the largest mass of aboveground part was 911.5 g, of tubers 1237.1 g, average yield was 22.58 t/ha. The Skorospelka variety is well adapted for growing tubers in the conditions of the Middle Volga region. Effective and environmentally safe methods of increasing yields and improving the quality of Jerusalem artichoke are the treatment of tubers before planting, followed by double foliar fertilization of plants with growth regulators. An increase in yield is observed on average by 5.16 t/ha, the predominance of the share of large tubers by 43.78%.
Keywords: jerusalem artichoke, tubers, growth regulators, biological features, treatment methods, non-root processing, crop structure.
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UDC 633.162:631.58:631.53.041
DOI 10.36461/NP.2023.66.2.016
THE EFFICIENCY OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF DIRECT SEEDING OF SPRING BARLEY IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION
A.L. Toigildin, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor; I.A. Toigildina, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor; D.E. Ayupov, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor; A.S. Nekhodin, graduate student; L.R. Mukhametvaleev, graduate student; G.A. Chizhikova, graduate student
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Ulyanovsk Stolypin State Agrarian University”, Ulyanovsk, Russia, tel. 8-(8422)55-95-75, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
In conditions of growing prices for fixed and circulating assets of crop production, the search for agrotechnologies aimed at increasing the economic efficiency of production is relevant. The purpose of the study is to give an economic assessment of the technology of direct seeding and to substantiate the norms for the application of mineral fertilizers in the cultivation of barley in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Volga region. Evaluation of the efficiency of the technology of direct seeding of spring barley in comparison with the recommended technology of its cultivation (factor A) in the conditions of the norms of mineral fertilizers (factor B: 0 – without fertilizers; B1 – N45 P30K30; B2 – N90P60K60) was carried out at the Ulyanovsk State Agrarian University based on stationary field experience. Studies have shown that in the arid conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Volga region, direct seeding allows for an increase in barley yield in comparison with the recommended technology. Mineral fertilizers with a norm of N45P30K30 increased the yield of barley by 25.6% relative to the variant without fertilizers using traditional technology and by 24.7% using direct seeding, with payback of 7.1 kg of barley grain per 1 kg of fertilizer. Increasing the norms of mineral fertilizers to N90P60K60 increased yields, but their payback decreased. Direct seeding requires 40-41 l/ha less fuel, and in general, costs decreased by 1030-1974 rubles/ha or 3.0-10.0% compared to the recommended technology. According to the technology of direct seeding, in the conditions of introduction of N45P30K30, the largest conditional net income was obtained – 17,563 rubles/ha, with production profitability level of 62.9%. Increasing the norm of mineral fertilizers application to N90P60K60 significantly reduced the economic efficiency both in the recommended technology and in direct seeding.
Keywords: direct seeding, barley, norms of mineral fertilizers, economic efficiency.
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Private animal husbandry, feeding, technologies of feed preparation and production of livestock products
UDC 636.034
DOI 10.36461/NP.2023.66.2.009
CORRELATION BETWEEN EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR INDICATORS AND MILK YIELD OF HOLSTEIN COWS
O. A. Basonov, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor, A.S. Kulatkova, Applicant at the Department of "Particular Zootechnics and Breeding of Farm Animals"
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Nizhny Novgorod State Agrotechnological University", Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, tel.: +79877576211; +78312143349 (ext.533); e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. .
Nowadays, some scientists have demonstrated a close relationship between the exterior and productivity of cows, which is an expression of a certain metabolism. However, when selecting animals, it is important to consider a number of indicators that have a complex effect on milk productivity. It is therefore necessary to determine the degree of their influence in the combination. Studies to evaluate milk productivity, exterior and interior characteristics of the farm animals were carried out in the OOO "Plemzavod named after Lenin" on two groups of cows of the Holstein breed, distributed according to the method of housing. The purpose of our study was to determine the relationship between the exterior and interior indicators of cows and milk productivity depending on the method of housing. As a result of the investigations carried out, it was found that cows kept in tethers had a milk yield of 8434 kg in 305 days of lactation and the highest mass percentage of fat (4.09 %) and protein (3.18 %) was found in the group of cows kept in loose housing. The highest milk yield coefficient of tethered cows was 1506 kg. As far as body indices are concerned, the animals studied were characterised by long legs (44.73-45.39%), long body (113.42-113.895), large stocky body (121.4-121.92) and overgrowth (1.5.79-106.24). However, animals of loose housing method outperformed their peers in the chest index by 11.06 absolute values, which was due to the influence of locomotion. It was found that all the animals examined were characterized by good health and a good immune system. The content of formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes) and albumin also correspond to the norm in all the animals studied. The degree of influence of housing method on exterior indicators of the cows (chest depth) was of average strength (0.68). A high degree of influence was found in relation to the phosphorus content in the blood (0.80). A reliable difference was found for all interior indicators except calcium and erythrocytes.
Keywords: housing method, first-calf cows, exterior, interior, milk productivity, body points.
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UDC 636.32/.38
DOI 10.36461/NP.2023.66.2.018
LIVE WEIGHT AND EXTERIOR FEATURES OF CROSSBRED YOUNG ANIMALS OF THE KALMYK FAT-TAILED BREED WITH THE CHAROLLAIS STUD RAMS
I.S. Rubtsova1, Postgraduate; S.O. Chylbak-ool1, Candidate of Biological Sciences; E.V. Pakhomova1, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences; A.N. Arilov2, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences
1Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy", Moscow, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
2Kalmyk Research Institute named after M.B. Narmaev – branch of "Caspian Agrarian Federal Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences", Elista, Russia
The article analyzes the data on the results of crossing of Kalmyk fat-tailed ewes with stud rams of the Charollais breed in the conditions of the Yashkulsky District of the Republic of Kalmykia. The exterior measurements were evaluated and the body conformation indices of the crossbred young animals were calculated. The work was carried out under the conditions of the experimental farm "ARL" of the Kalmyk Research Institute of Agriculture named after M.B. Narmaev of the Republic of Kalmykia. The animals were kept under the same housing and feeding conditions. The data obtained indicate that the young animals resulting from the crossing of the Kalmyk fat-tailed breed with the Charolais rams are characterized by a harmonious conformation: the ewes were superior to the rams in the indices of long legs, metacarpal circumference, forehead width and hook bone width by 3.0; 0.6; 10.1; 2.3 % respectively. The body indices of the rams were 10.6, 25.2, 2.5, 0.6, and 2.8 % higher for the other indicators, namely chest, pelvis-chest, massiveness, overgrowth and large head, respectively. In terms of live weight, absolute and average daily gain, the rams outperformed the sheep by 4.5 kg or 12.4 % and 38 g or 12.6 % respectively. As far as the growth intensity of the crossbreed young animals of the two groups is concerned, the indicators were approximately at the same level with 157.3-159.5 %, but the rams were 2.2 % higher. The work was carried out within the framework of the topic "Biotechnological methods of reproduction and genomic technologies in the selection of farm animals and the preservation of the gene pool of small breeds" as part of the project "Scientific and Technological Frontiers" under the "Priority 2030" program.
Keywords: sheep farming, Kalmyk fat-tailed breed, exterior, live weight, Charollais.
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Technologies, machinery and equipment for the agro-industrial complex
UDC 631.372: 004.8
DOI 10.36461/NP.2023.66.2.002
DETERMINATION OF AN EFFECTIVE MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHM FOR PREDICTING OPERATING MODES OF DIESEL ENGINE
S.V. Kalachin1, Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor; K.Z. Kukhmazov1, Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Professor; I.A. Murog2, Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Professor
1Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Penza State Agrarian University", Penza, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
2Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Ryazan State University named after S.A. Yesenin”, Ryazan, Russia
The presentday development of technological progress in agriculture is based on the widespread introduction of high-tech equipment, which is based on artificial intelligence technologies into production, in particular on the basis of machine learning, which is the most significant and exciting of its subsections. The purpose of the research presented in the article is to develop a method of investigation of the efficiency parameters of existing machine learning algorithms for solving a practical problem, which is prediction of the operating modes of a diesel engine. The solution of the problem was carried out on the basis of the developed computer research method based on the capabilities of the high-level programming language Python, which is a computer model for conducting a computational experiment. Any researcher with elementary knowledge in software development can use th is software to process their own data set. The result of the study showed that each machine learning algorithm for solving a specific practical problem has its own disadvantages and undeniable advantages. But the main efficiency criteria by which the work of any software product is evaluated are the accuracy of the result and the time (speed) of the program code execution. Therefore, to predict the operating modes of a diesel engine, the DecisionTreeRegressor (Decision Tree) is the most effective of the analyzed machine learning algorithms.
Keywords: machine learning, algorithm, operating mode, diesel engine, forecast accuracy, memory consumption, execution time, program code.
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UDC 631.51.01; 631.311
DOI 10.36461/NP.2023.66.2.004
TEST RESULTS OF A TOOL FOR SHALLOW TILLAGE ON SLOPING LANDS
N.M. Sokolov, Doctor of Technical Sciences, S.B. Streltsov, Candidate of Technical Sciences, V.V. Khudyakov, Candidate of Technical Sciences, P.A. Pokusaev, Postgraduate.
Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Center of Agriculture Research of the South-East Region", Saratov, Russia, tel. 8 (8452) 647688, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
The article presents an analysis of the main factors influencing the process of water-induced and technological soil erosion on sloping lands. On the basis of the research carried out, a technological procedure for erosion control treatment was developed, which, simultaneously with non-moldboard loosening of soil, enables the creation of an erosion-inhibiting micro-relief in the form of coulisse on the surface of arable land. The article presents the structural-technological scheme of the tillage tool and the parameters of the coulisses it produces on a sloping plot with a steepness of up to eight degrees. An agrotechnical and operational evaluation of the tillage tool was carried out as part of the study.
Keywords: water and technological erosion, sloping lands, tillage tool, tillage, anti-erosion microrelief, coulisse.
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UDC 631.347.084.13
DOI 10.36461/NP.2023.66.2.005
INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF A MULTIFUNCTIONAL MACHINE ON SLOPING SURFACES
E.Yu. Evseev, teacher
State Educational Institution of Higher Education of Moscow Region "State University of Humanities and Social Studies", Kolomna, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
The article deals with the issues of increasing the work output of multifunctional machines with circular mode of operation (based on the sprinkling machine "Kuban-LK1") on sloping areas by eliminating the surface flow of the applied solution and increasing the bearing capacity of the soil in the movement zone of the last bogies of the machine. It was found that when the machine is used on sloping areas (with geodetic height difference), special emergency stops occur (three to five times) due to the over-wetting of the cultivated area, which has a negative effect on the coefficient of use of the shift time. It has been revealed that the bearing capacity of the soil can be increased by reducing the intensity of the supply of the working solution by installing improved devices to regulate the flow and pressure characteristics and the spray of sprinklers. Technical solutions to reduce the intensity of the supply of working solution are justified with their experimental verification under the laboratory, field and production conditions. Experimental studies have shown that the combined use of devices for regulating the supply of working solution by sprinklers of the multifunctional machine with circular operation in the conditions of sloping surfaces can ensure reliable and qualitative performance of the technological process of irrigation. In this case, the coefficient for the use of shift time Kcм and thus the work output of the machine increases ω by 15-17%.
Keywords: multifunctional machine, work output, cross-country performance, bearing capacity, supply intensity, flow regulator, divider, shift time use coefficient.
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UDC 633.63:631.171
DOI 10.36461/NP.2023.66.2.007
MODELING OF THE STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF THE FRAME OF THE DEVICE FOR THE APPLICATION OF LIQUID FERTILIZER, WATERING, AND IRRIGATION
A.L. Sevostianov, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor; S.I. Golovin, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor; Yu.N. Ryzhov, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor; V.V. Vinogradov, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor; I.L. Volkova, Senior Lecturer; T.G. Pavlenko, Senior Lecturer; A.I. Gorbatenko Senior Lecturer
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Oryol State Agrarian University named after N. V. Parakhin", Oryol, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
The work deals with the frame design of the device for liquid fertilizer application, watering and irrigation. The quality operation of this equipment will allow to meet the agrotechnological requirements for the cultivation of crops of a wide range, which largely determines the planned yields. The research was carried out using known principles of solid-state mechanics, theory of elasticity and strength of materials, as well as stress-strain analysis and modeling. In the course of the study, the loads acting on the frame of the device for liquid fertilizer application, irrigation and watering were determined. The beams and struts required for the structure were calculated and the materials were determined using material strength methods. The stress-strain analysis of the condition has shown that the strength and stiffness of the designed and modeled unit will ensure reliable operation of this unit. The device for liquid fertilizer application, watering and irrigation has been developed by the order of the Research Educational and Productive Center "Integration" for material and technical support of production, educational and practical, research and innovation activities of the university in the field of crop production, animal husbandry, processing, storage and sale of products, mechanization of agriculture; training and retraining of personnel, improving the quality of land resources used, increasing the economic efficiency of agricultural production, creating conditions for testing and transfer of innovative technologies.
Keywords: frame, fertilizer application, stress-strain analysis, modeling, agricultural machinery.
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UDC 621.436-634.5
DOI 10.36461/NP.2023.66.2.008
RESULTS OF TRACTOR DIESEL ENGINE RESEARCH WHEN OPERATING ON RAPESEED OIL-PETROLEUM FUEL
A.P. Ukhanov1, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor; M.V. Ryblov1, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor; D.A. Ukhanov2, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor; A.P. Bychenin3, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor
1Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Penza State Agrarian University", Penza, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.;
2Federal Autonomous Institution "The 25th State Research Institute of Chemmotology of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation", Moscow, Russia
3Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Samara State Agrarian University", Samara, Russia
Motor fuel for tractor equipment includes mixed diesel fuel obtained by mixing commercial petroleum diesel fuel and vegetable oil. In such mixed fuel, vegetable oil acts as a renewable and environmentally friendly biological component. A promising biological component of the mixed fuel is rapeseed oil, produced by pressing from the rape. The article analyzes the main physical and chemical properties of rapeseed oil and mixed rapeseed oil-petroleum fuel with the percentage ratio of biological and oil components 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, 90:10. A binary diesel engine power system was designed, manufactured and tested for the operation of an MTZ-80 agricultural tractor with two types of engine fuel (petroleum and mixed), which allows changing the percentage ratio of the mixed fuel components during their mixing depending on the load and speed mode and temperature conditions of operation. The results of bench tests of the D-243 (4Ch11/12.5) diesel engine at the braking system during its operation with mixed rapeseed oil-petroleum fuel compared to its operation with commercial petroleum diesel fuel are presented in terms of power, fuel economy and ecological indicators.
Keywords: diesel mixed fuel, binary diesel power system, experimental studies, estimated indicators.
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UDC 631.313.5
DOI 10.36461/NP.2023.66.2.011
LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE CULTIVATOR RIPPER ROLLER FOR SECONDARY TILLAGE
K.Z. Kukhmazov, Doctor of Engineering Sciences; A.V. Yashin, Candidate of Engineering Sciences; R.R. Khabibullin, postgraduate student
Federal State-Funded Educational Institution of higher education «Penza State Agrarian University», Penza, Russia, tel. 89379127279, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
The paper is devoted to an urgent problem of improving the quality of secondary tillage. It is noted in the article that the quality performance of combined preparations for secondary tillage of loamy chernozems does not comply with the agrotechnical requirements fully. There is a description of the design of proposed cultivator ripper roller for secondary tillage and of an experimental installation for laboratory studies to substantiate its optimal structural and operational parameters. There is a methodology for conducting research according to the theory of planning a three-factor experiment. The optimization criterion is the degree of crumbling of the soil, which is characterized by the percentage of lumps less than 50 mm in size in the sample. There were selected the most significant factors (tooth length l, roller diameter d, operation speed𝜗 ), their levels and variation intervals. The matrix of the orthogonal compositional plan of the second order was compiled. Having processed the experimental data on a PC using Microsoft Excel and Statistika, an adequate second-order model that describes the dependence of the optimization criterion on the studied factors was obtained. Calculations were given and response surfaces of the degree of crumbling of the soil and their two-dimensional sections were constructed. The analysis of two-dimensional values shows that the optimal ones are: tooth length 𝑙 = 0.041 m, diameter of the loosening roller d = 0.293 m and operation speed 𝜗 = 1.95 m/s, while the degree of soil crumbling is more than 97.0%.
Keywords: combined aggregate, cultivator, secondary tillage, loosening roller, loosening roller share, soil channel, optimization criteria, degree of crumbling.
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UDC 631.331
DOI 10.36461/NP.2023.66.2.012
LABORATORY STUDIES OF A SINGLE-DISC COULTER WITH EPICYCLOIDAL GROOVES
V.A. Sipunov, postgraduate student; V.V. Shumaev, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor
Federal State-Funded Educational Institution of higher education Penza State Agrarian University, Penza, Russia, t. (8-8412) 62-85-79, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
The aim of the research was to improve the quality of sowing of spring wheat of the Zlata variety with a pneumatic seeder with a developed single-disc coulter with grooves in the form of an epicycloid, which allows to increase the uniformity of seed distribution over the sowing depth. The article reflects that the previously known designs of tined, single-disc and double-disc coulters have significant traction characteristics, cannot provide suitable copying of the field relief, forming an extensive furrow, which is not easy to close up. Aforementioned negatively affects the uniformity of the distribution of seeds of spring wheat of the Zlata variety both along the length of the row and the depth of sowing. The article proposes the design of a disc coulter, which has grooves in the form of an epicycloid contourwise and the results of laboratory studies. The regression equation of the second order is obtained, with the help of which the optimal values of the design parameters are determined, the cutout depth 𝑙 = 0.026...0.031 m (0.02655788 m); the number of cutouts 𝑞 = 10...11 pieces (10 pieces); the diameter of the coulter disc 𝑑 дд= 0.38 ...0.42 m (0.4170157 m), while the optimization parameter is ϭ (mean square deviation seed distribution by row depth) will be 1,9002923616.
Keywords: seeder, laboratory studies, single-disc coulter with epicycloidal grooves, sowing, seeds, soil.
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UDC 631.331
DOI 10.36461/NP.2023.66.2.013
ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКОЕ ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ВЫСЕВАЮЩЕГО АППАРАТА ВЫПОЛНЕННОГО В ФОРМЕ ШАЙБЫ С МЕЛКОЗУБЧАТЫМ ПРОФИЛЕМ И НАПРАВИТЕЛЕМ СЕМЯН ДЛЯ ВЫСЕВА СЕМЯН ЛЬНА
A.A. Zakharov, postgraduate student; A.V. Shukov, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor; N.P. Laryushin, Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Professor; T.A. Kiryukhina, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor.
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Penza State Agrarian University", Penza, Russia, tel. (8412) 628 517, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
The materials of the article are devoted to the relevant topic: improving the quality indicators of annual small-seeded crops sowing using the example of flax seeds of the Severny variety. These include a satisfactory layout of seeds along the length of a row or a uniform sowing spacing, the stability of general seeding and bruising of the seed material, by improving the technological process of work and the design scheme of the seeding apparatus, made in the form of a puck with a finely toothed profile and a seed guide.The paper describes the design scheme and the principle of operation of the designed seeding apparatus containing a puck with a fine-toothed profile and a seed guide for sowing seeds of annual small-seeded crops (flax seeds of the Severny variety), and also presents the results of theoretical research on finding the technological parameters of the seeding apparatus made in the form of a puck with a fine-toothed profile and a seed guide. As a result of theoretical research, analytical dependencies were found that allow determining the volume of grooves of the designed puck with a fine-toothed profile, moreover, there was determined the volumetric weight of flax seeds of the Severny variety, ejected by a puck with a fine-toothed profile in one turn by the designed seeding apparatus.
Keywords: theoretical justification, puck, surveys, fine tine profile, seeding apparatus, small-seed crops, seeds, flax.
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UDC 631.331.53
DOI 10.36461/NP.2023.66.2.014
DESIGN OF A DRILLING MECHANISM MADE IN THE FORM OF A ROLLER WITH A FINELY TOOTHED PROFILE TO SOW FLAX SEEDS
N.P. Laryushin, Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Professor; A.A. Zakharov, postgraduate student; A.V. Shukov, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor; T.A. Kiryukhina, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor.
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Penza State Agrarian University", Penza, Russia, tel. (8412) 628 517, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
The technological process of sowing seeds of annual small-seeded crops using the example of flax seeds imposes special requirements to the schemes of existing drilling mechanisms. Currently, in Russia and in other foreign countries, a roller feed remains one of the most popular mechanical drilling mechanisms, but they also do not fully meet the agrotechnical requirements to sow seeds of annual and perennial small-seeded crops. This is primarily due to the physico-mechanical properties of the seeds themselves. As a result, during the operation of the drilling mechanisms, there is an increase in the unsatisfactory spreading of seeds along the length of the row or an uneven seeding space. The stability of the overall seeding rate decreases, which, in turn, leads to increased consumption and bruising of sown seeds. The work is relevant for the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation since it is aimed at improving the quality indicators of sowing small-seeded crops using the example of flax seeds of the "Severny" variety by improving its technological process and the design scheme of the sowing mechanism. The article describes the design and technological scheme of the designed drilling mechanism containing a roller with a fine-toothed profile to sow seeds of annual small-seeded crops, such as flax seeds of the "Severny" variety. When working with a new drilling mechanism containing a roller with a fine-toothed profile for sowing flax seeds of the "Severny" variety, the unsatisfactory spreading of the seeds along the length of the groove is reduced, as well as bruising of the seed material, which will further lead to an increase in the biological yield of the crop produced.
Keywords: shape, roller, fine-toothed profile, drilling mechanism, small-seed crops, seeds, seeder.
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UDC 631.33.022.6
DOI 10.36461/NP.2023.66.2.015
FIELD STUDIES OF A SEEDING UNIT OF A GRAIN SEEDER WITH INCLINATION OF RIDGES AND GROOVES AND PARTITIONS OF THE GROOVES OF A FLUTED ROLLER
A.V. Shukov, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor; N.P. Laryushin, Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Professor; A.Yu. Vershigorov, postgraduate student; R.R. Devlikamov, Candidate of Engineering Sciences.
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Penza State Agrarian University", Penza, Russia, tel. (8412) 628 517, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
One of the main and most significant working bodies of a grain seeder remains the seeding unit due to the fact that the quality indicators of sowing depend on its work (unsatisfactory spread of seeds per unit length or seeding space, inaccuracy of the established seeding rate, as well as seed crushing). Not all seeding units comply with the necessary requirements during the operation, therefore, scientists of the Penza State Agrarian University have designed, manufactured and studied the seeding unit of a grain seeder with inclination of ridges, grooves and partitions of the grooves of a fluted roller. During laboratory and field studies of the seeding unit of an ordinary seeder with inclination of ridges and grooves and partitions of the grooves of a fluted roller, the spreading of seeds per unit length of spring wheat of the Bezenchukskaya 200 variety, the inaccuracy of the established seeding rate and the crushing of the seed material depending on the translational speed of the ordinary seeder were investigated. In the course of laboratory and field studies of the seeding unit of a grain seeder with inclination of ridges and grooves and partitions of the grooves of a fluted roller, it was found that the interval of the values of speed of an ordinary seeder V from 7.7 to 10.8 km/h can be considered the best, since at these values the unsatisfactory spreading of seeds per unit length or seed spacing, the inaccuracy of the established seeding rate decreases, as well as seed crushing. When using an experimental seeding unit of a grain seeder with inclination of ridges and grooves and partitions of the grooves of a fluted roller, the uneven distribution of seeds along the length of the groove, the instability of the total seeding and crushing of the seed material decreases.
Keywords: seeding unit, grain seeder, ridge, seeds, roller.
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UDC 665.7.035 + 665.753
DOI 10.36461/NP.2023.66.2.019
METHOD FOR THE INTEGRAL ESTIMATION OF HEAT RELEASE DURING THE PROCESS OF COMBUSTION OF MOTOR FUELS IN A MULTI-CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE USING EXPANDED INDICATOR DIAGRAMS
D.A. Ukhanov1, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor; D.A. Manshev1, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor; A.P. Ukhanov1, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor
1Federal Autonomous Establishment "The 25th State Research Institute of Chemmotology of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation", Moscow, Russia;
1Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Penza State Agrarian University", Penza, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
To estimate the heat release during the combustion of new or modified diesel fuels in the delayed combustion and afterburning phases on the expansion line of the expanded indicator diagram of a diesel engine, a new method has been developed which consists of determining the difference between the areas bounded by the fuelinjected and non-fuel-injected indicator diagrams, as well as the ordinates of the start of the delayed combustion phase and the start of stabilization of the minimum cylinder gas pressures at the end of the expansion stroke. This area of the indicator diagram is calculated in conventional units (c.u.) by numerical integration using the trapezoidal rule when the diesel engine is running on experimental and control fuels at different load and speed modes. If the obtained difference of the areas of indicator diagrams, which is considered as an integral indicator of heat release, does not exceed the rejection value of 0.0025 c.u., then, the new or modified fuel is recommended for use in a full-size diesel engine together with pre-determined regulated indicators of physical, chemical and operational properties.
Keywords: diesel fuel, expanded indicator diagrams, combustion process, heat release, estimated indica-tors.
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Regional and sectoral economics (economic sciences)
UDC 336.02
DOI 10.36461/NP.2023.66.2.020
EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME OF THE RURAL POPULATION: REGIONAL ASPECT
E.I. Pozubenkova, Candidate of Economic Sciences, associate professor; N.M. Guryanova, Candidate of Economic Sciences, associate professor, Yu.Yu. Rassypnova, Associate Professor
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Penza State Agrarian University", Penza, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
In the rating position of the regions of the Volga Federal District according to the main indicators of socioeconomic development, the Penza Region belongs to the category of outsiders in terms of population, natural growth, average per capita income, average monthly nominal accrued wages, unemployment rate. The problems of demography, employment, unemployment and wages in rural areas deserve special attention. The decline in the permanent population, depopulation processes in rural areas, reduction of employment and real wages negatively affect labor for the agricultural production. The study of these processes in comparison with other subjects of the Volga Federal District is relevant and reflects the regional specifics of factors affecting the rural labor market. The peculiarity of the study is that the article provides information on the dynamics of the effective indicators of the development of the agro-industrial complex of the region, the availability of its labor resources, the number of permanent population, income level and the development of social infrastructure in rural areas. The conclusion is made about the relationship of these elements, the use of systematic and integrated approaches in the study of processes in the rural labor market of the Penza region. The use of state support funds within the framework of the regional program of integrated rural development will contribute to the activation of rural employment.
Keywords: labor resources, employment of the population, rural area, remuneration.
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UDC: 338.434
DOI 10.36461/NP.2023.66.2.021
IS THE SUPPORT OF NOVICE FARMERS A MYTH OR A REALITY?
R.I. Dubin, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences; R.A. Arslanova, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor; A.S. Babakova, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Astrakhan Tatishchev State University”, Astrakhan, Russia, tel. 8(8512)24-66-52, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
State support for agricultural production is one of the key forms of government influence on the level and rate of economic development of regions, the welfare of the population, the distribution of resources and income. The main goal of state support is to ensure the financial stability of the agro-industrial complex and to increase the number of farmers. The agro-industrial complex of the Astrakhan region has maintained positive dynamics for a number of years, occupied a leading position and been a key element of the socio-economic development of the region. The implementation of the Agrostartup grant project within the framework of the program to support novice farmers in the Astrakhan region allowed both experienced and novice farmers to create or expand their farms, as well as provide additional permanent jobs. The article presents an assessment of the implementation of the Agrostartup project in the Astrakhan region in dynamics from 2019 to 2022. Over the years of the program's implementation, more than 300 applicants have become participants in the competition. As a result of the competitive selection, 124 applicants were recognized as winners. The analysis of the data showed that most of the grantees' projects, over the years of research, have been aimed at the development of the animal husbandry and crop production industry, the rest are accounted for by farmers engaged in activities in the field of aquaculture and processing of agricultural products.
Keywords: agro-industrial complex, state support, novice farmer, subsidy, crop production, animal hus-bandry
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